Developing a questionnaire to evaluate an automated audit & feedback intervention: a Rand-modified Delphi method.

BACKGROUND: Audit and feedback (A&F) is a widely used implementation strategy to evaluate and improve medical practice. The optimal design of an A&F system is uncertain and structured process evaluations are currently lacking. This study aimed to develop and validate a questionnaire to evaluate the use of automated A&F systems. METHODS: Based on the Clinical Performance Feedback Intervention Theory (CP-FIT) and the REFLECT-52 (REassessing audit & Feedback interventions: a tooL for Evaluating Compliance with suggested besT practices) evaluation tool a questionnaire was designed for the purpose of evaluating automated A&F systems. A Rand-modified Delphi method was used to develop the process evaluation and obtain validation. Fourteen experts from different domains in primary care consented to participate and individually scored the questions on a 9-point Likert scale. Afterwards, the questions were discussed in a consensus meeting. After approval, the final questionnaire was compiled. RESULTS: A 34-question questionnaire composed of 57 items was developed and presented to the expert panel. The consensus meeting resulted in a selection of 31 questions, subdivided into 43 items. A final list of 30 questions consisting of 42 items was obtained. CONCLUSION: A questionnaire consisting of 30 questions was drawn up for the assessment and improvement of automated A&F systems, based on CP-FIT and REFLECT-52 theory and approved by experts. Next steps will be piloting and implementation of the questionnaire.

Pericardial Effusion Detection on Post-Mortem Computed Tomography Images Using Convolutional Neural Networks.

Pericardial effusion can be a sign of significant underlying diease and, in some cases, may lead to death. Post-mortem computed tomography (PMCT) is a well-established tool to assist death investigation processes in the forensic setting. In practice, the scarcity of well-trained radiologists is a challenge in processing raw whole-body PMCT images for pericardial effusion detection. In this work, we propose a Pericardial Effusion Automatic Detection (PEAD) framework to automatically process raw whole-body PMCT images to filter out the irrelevant images with heart organ absent and focus on pericardial effusion detection. In PEAD, the standard convolutional neural network architectures of VGG and ResNet are carefully modified to fit the specific characteristics of PMCT images. The experimental results prove the effectiveness of the proposed framework and modified models. The modified VGG and ResNet models achieved superior detection accuracy than the standard architecture with reduced processing speed.

The symptom to assessment pathway for suspected chronic limb-threatening ischaemia (CLTI) affects quality of care: a process mapping exercise.

BACKGROUND: Delays in the pathway from first symptom to treatment of chronic limb-threatening ischaemia (CLTI) are associated with worse mortality and limb loss outcomes. This study examined the processes used by vascular services to provide urgent care to patients with suspected CLTI referred from the community. METHODS: Vascular surgery units from various regions in England were invited to participate in a process mapping exercise. Clinical and non-clinical staff at participating units were interviewed, and process maps were created that captured key staff and structures used to create processes for referral receipt, triage and assessment at the units. RESULTS: Twelve vascular units participated, and process maps were created after interviews with 45 participants. The units offered multiple points of access for urgent referrals from general practitioners and other community clinicians. Triage processes were varied, with units using different mixes of staff (including medical staff, podiatrists and s) and this led to processes of varying speed. The organisation of clinics to provide slots for 'urgent' patients was also varied, with some adopting hot clinics, while others used dedicated slots in routine clinics. Service organisation could be further complicated by separate processes for patients with and without diabetes, and because of the organisation of services regionally into vascular networks that had arterial and non-arterial centres. CONCLUSIONS: For referred patients with symptoms of CLTI, the points of access, triage and assessment processes used by vascular units are diverse. This reflects the local context and ingenuity of vascular units but can lead to complex processes. It is likely that benefits might be gained from simplification.

Kenya's Experience: Factors Enabling and Impeding the COVID-19 Response.

This case study describes the country-level response to the COVID-19 pandemic in Kenya between February 2020 and May 2021. We organize the presentation of COVID-19 response strategies across the five stages of (a) engagement, (b) assessment, (c) planning, (d) action/implementation, and (e) evaluation. We describe the participatory monitoring and evaluation (M&E) process implemented in collaboration with the WHO Regional Office for Africa Monitoring and Evaluation Team. The M&E system was used to organize and make sense of emerging data regarding specific response activities and changing COVID incidence. We share the results of that collaborative sensemaking, with particular attention to our analysis of the factors that facilitated and those that impeded our pandemic response. We conclude with lessons learned and practical implications from Kenya's experience to help guide future country-level responses to rapidly changing public health crises.

Development and evaluation of the Family Needs Questionnaire for Pediatric Rehabilitation.

PURPOSE: To develop the Family Needs Questionnaire-Pediatric Rehabilitation (FNQ-PR) version and evaluate the reliability and concurrent validity of this self-report measure for caregivers of children with disabilities who receive pediatric rehabilitation services. MATERIALS/METHODS: The 39-item FNQ-PR was developed through a modified Delphi Technique. For test-retest evaluation, parents completed the FNQ-PR twice through an online REDCap survey, 1-3 weeks apart. Concurrent validity data (parent-report Impact on Family Scale [IFS-15] and Measure of Processes of Care [MPOC-20]) were collected at baseline. Reliability analyses included ICCs (95%CI) and internal consistency evaluation. RESULTS: Twenty-five caregivers of children ages 2-18 years (mean age 12.2 years) with a disability completed the FNQ-PR at baseline, and 21 completed the retest. FNQ-PR total score demonstrated excellent test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.84); internal consistency was high. The FNQ-PR total score was strongly negatively associated with IFS-15 total score (r = -0.62) and showed fair to strong association with MPOC subscale scores (0.45 ≤ r ≤ 0.70). Participants did not identify issues with the online format or FNQ-PR item rating. CONCLUSIONS: The FNQ-PR demonstrated excellent overall reliability and strong evidence of validity. It fills a gap in clinical care of families of children with disabilities, providing a systematic way for families to identify the extent to which their needs are perceived to have been met. Clinicians can use this tool to target unmet needs that are most important to families. FNQ-PR use in future research will support exploration of the impact of specific child and family factors on family needs.

Systematic review: What is the impact of triage implementation on clinical outcomes and process measures in low- and middle-income country emergency departments?

INTRODUCTION: Triage is widely regarded as an essential function of emergency care (EC) systems, especially in resource-limited settings. Through a systematic search and review of the literature, we investigated the effect of triage implementation on clinical outcomes and process measures in low- and middle-income country (LMIC) emergency departments (EDs). METHODS: Structured searches were conducted using MEDLINE, CENTRAL, EMBASE, CINAHL, and Global Health. Eligible articles identified through screening and full-text review underwent risk-of-bias assessment using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. The quality of evidence for each effect measure was summarized using GRADE. RESULTS: Among 10,394 articles identified through the search strategy, 58 underwent full-text review and 16 were included in the final synthesis. All utilized pre-/postintervention methods and a majority were single center. Effect measures included mortality, waiting time, length of stay, admission rate, and patient satisfaction. Of these, ED mortality and time to clinician assessment were evaluated most frequently. The majority of studies using these outcomes identified a positive effect, namely a reduction in deaths and waiting time among patients presenting for EC. The quality of the evidence was moderate for these measures but low or very low for all other outcomes and process indicators. CONCLUSIONS: There is moderate quality of evidence supporting an association between the introduction of triage and a reduction in deaths and waiting time. Although the available data support the value of triage in LMIC EDs, the risk of confounding and publication bias is significant. Future studies will benefit from more rigorous research methods.

Repercussions of moving patients on the context of practice: perspectives of the nursing team / Repercusiones de la movilización de pacientes sobre el contexto de práctica: perspectivas del equipo de enfermería / Repercussões da movimentação de pacientes sobre o contexto de prática: perspectivas da equipe de enfermagem

Objective: to examine the nursing team's view of the repercussions of moving patients (admissions, transfers and discharges) on the organization of work and the delivery of care. Method: this is a qualitative study using the focus group technique, conducted with 23 professionals - 12 nurses, eight nurse technicians and three nurse assistants working in three inpatient units at a teaching hospital in the countryside of Sao Paulo. Four meetings took place between November 2021 and March 2022. The reports were analyzed thematically using MAXQDA software. Results: two thematic categories emerged: the influence of structural factors and work organization on the intra-hospital moving of patients; it demands time, generates work overload and interferes with the delivery of care. Conclusion: the volume of moving patient associated with unforeseen demands, care complexity and insufficient staff and resources have a negative impact on the delivery of care, with clinical risks and work overload. The findings make it possible to improve the regulation of patients entering and leaving the units, work organization and care management, avoiding clinical risks, delays, omissions and work overload.

Objetivo: examinar la perspectiva del equipo de enfermería sobre las repercusiones del movimiento de pacientes (admisiones, traslados y altas) en la organización del trabajo y en la prestación de cuidados. Método: estudio cualitativo utilizando la técnica de grupo focal llevado a cabo con 23 profesionales, incluyendo 12 enfermeros, ocho técnicos y tres auxiliares de enfermería de tres unidades de internación de un hospital universitario del interior de São Paulo. Se realizaron cuatro encuentros entre noviembre de 2021 y marzo de 2022. Los relatos fueron analizados en la modalidad temática con la ayuda del software MAXQDA. Resultados: surgieron dos categorías temáticas: la influencia de factores estructurales y de la organización del trabajo en el movimiento intrahospitalario de pacientes; y, el movimiento de pacientes demanda tiempo, genera sobrecarga de trabajo e interfiere en la prestación de cuidados. Conclusión: el volumen de movimientos de pacientes asociado a demandas imprevistas, complejidad asistencial e insuficiencia de personal y de recursos repercute negativamente en la prestación del cuidado con riesgos clínicos y sobrecarga laboral. Los hallazgos permiten mejorar la regulación de las entradas y salidas de pacientes en las unidades, la organización del trabajo y la gestión del cuidado, evitando riesgos clínicos, retrasos, omisiones y sobrecarga laboral.

Objetivo: examinar o olhar da equipe de enfermagem quanto às repercussões da movimentação de pacientes (admissões, transferências e altas) na organização do trabalho e na entrega do cuidado. Método: estudo qualitativo utilizando técnica de grupo focal conduzido junto a vinte e três profissionais sendo doze enfermeiros, oito técnicos e três auxiliares de enfermagem lotados em três unidades de internação de um hospital de ensino do interior de São Paulo. Ocorreram quatro encontros, entre novembro de 2021 e março de 2022. Os relatos foram analisados na modalidade temática com o auxílio do software MAXQDA. Resultados: emergiram duas categorias temáticas: a influência de fatores estruturais e da organização do trabalho na movimentação intra-hospitalar de pacientes; e a movimentação de pacientes demanda tempo, gera sobrecarga de trabalho e interfere na entrega do cuidado. Conclusão: o volume de movimentações de pacientes associado às demandas imprevistas, complexidade assistencial e insuficiência de pessoal e de recursos repercutem negativamente na entrega do cuidar com riscos clínicos e sobrecarga laboral. Os achados possibilitam aprimorar a regulação das entradas e saídas de pacientes nas unidades, organização do trabalho e gestão do cuidado evitando-se riscos clínicos, atrasos, omissões e sobrecarga laboral.

Improving personalised care, through the development of a service evaluation tool to assess, understand and monitor delivery.

Systematically implementing personalised care has far reaching benefits to individuals, communities and health and social care systems. If done well, personalised care can result in better health outcomes and experiences, more efficient use of health services and reduced health inequalities. Despite these known benefits, implementation of personalised care has been slow. Evaluation is an important step towards achieving the ambition of universally delivered personalised care. There are currently few comprehensive assessments or tools that are designed to understand the implementation of personalised care at a service or system level, or the cultural, practical and behavioural factors influencing this. The aim of this paper is to describe the development and testing of a system-wide evaluation tool. The tool offers a process through which healthcare systems can better understand the current delivery of personalised care and the factors influencing this. With a focus on implementation, the development of the tool was informed by the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research, and its content is structured using behaviour change theory (COM-B Theory of Behaviour Change Model). The tool consists of four mirrored surveys, which were developed using an iterative exploratory design. This included a series of testing cycles, in which its structure and content were continually refined. To date, it has been used by 24 clinical services, involving 397 service users, 313 front-line practitioners, 73 service managers and 40 commissioners. These services have used the evaluation process to initiate quality improvement, targeted at one of the more aspects of personalised care. The use of the COM-B model increases the likelihood of those improvements being sustained, through identification of the core factors that enable or limit personalised care behaviours among healthcare staff. We have shown this process to be applicable in a wide range of settings, thus it potentially has broad applicability as a tool for cultural change and quality improvement. The next stage of this work will focus on implementation and evaluation, to fully understand if and how the tool can be used to drive improvements in personalised care delivery.

How much convergence exists between registered process measures and patient reported experience measures? A study on Catalan primary healthcare.

The use of quality measures is important for transparency and the continuous improvement of performance. However, we do not know enough about the relationship between registered process measures and patient reported experience measures (PREMs) in primary healthcare. Recent studies point to areas of convergence that run contrary anticipated trends. This is a relevant question for healthcare management and governments as their position is stronger when system's guidelines and targets also matter to patients or, vice versa, when patient-centered measures are used to develop new process measures. Our aim is to study both type of measures, their logic and their level of convergence. We also assess the relationship between PREMs, patients' demographic characteristics and area socioeconomic level. We estimated pairwise correlations with patient experience aggregated at the health-center level and a series of multilevel regression models to assess the adjusted effect of four registered process measures on ratings of patient experience at the patient level. We use patient experience as measured by survey data, two composite quality indices and two single indicators regularly computed by the Catalan Health Service. Continuity of care with the same doctor and accessibility are positively associated with patient experience. No relationship was observed in the index created to measure quality of assistance. The index measuring the quality of prescriptions was positively associated with patient experience but only when analyzed separately. We conclude that registered process measures and PREMs are not entirely independent, hence improvements of the management side have the potential to impact patient experience.

Assessment of the Psychosocial Care Center multidisciplinary team from users' and family members' perspective.

OBJECTIVES: to assess the multidisciplinary team of a Psychosocial Care Center I from users' and family members' perspective. METHODS: an evaluative study, anchored in the fourth generation evaluation theoretical-methodological framework, carried out in a Psychosocial Care Center I, from September 2021 to March 2022. Eleven users and 06 family members participated. Data were collected through non-participant observation, individual interviews and negotiation sessions, and analyzed using the Constant Comparative Method, using the MAXQDA software. RESULTS: the team develops its care based on individual and collective care, with integrated and complementary work by professionals. They seek to facilitate treatment initiation and continuation, considering health needs and offering support, understanding and guidance to users and their families. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS: the multidisciplinary team's work is based on the psychosocial paradigm, which can qualify care and strengthen the service role in the mental health network.

An "Engage to Sustain" Intervention to Improve Process Performance Measures in Ambulatory Care.

In ambulatory care, monitoring process performance measures (PPMs) is essential to meet regulatory requirements, establish targets for care, seek reimbursement, and evaluate patient care responsibilities. We implemented a comprehensive program, "Engage to Sustain," for licensed practical nurses (LPNs) and certified medical assistants (CMAs) to practice at the top of their licensure/certification. Screening rates for 4 key PPMs (depression screening, fall risk screening, and tobacco use screening and counseling) markedly increased following this intervention across 18 ambulatory departments with more than 2 million patient visits. These results suggest that shifting responsibilities for patient screening from physicians and advanced practitioners to LPNs and CMAs may improve screening rates.

Desafios da implementação da rede cegonha: reflexões sobre planejamento e avaliação dos serviços de acolhimento com classificação de risco obstétrico / Challenges of the implementation of the Stork Network: reflections on planning and evaluation of reception services with obstetric risk classification / Desafíos de la implementación de la Red Cigüeña: reflexiones sobre la planificación y evaluación de servicios de acogida con clasificación de riesgo obstétrico

Considerando o ciclo das Políticas públicas, o planejamento e a avaliação são elementos cruciais, favorecendo organização e julgamento de valor a respeito de uma intervenção ou sobre qualquer um dos seus componentes, envolvendo tanto quem faz uso dos serviços como quem produz os mesmos. Na perspectiva da melhoria da assistência prestada à mulher e ao recém-nascido na porta de entrada dos serviços de atenção materno-infantis, é realizado o Acolhimento com Classificação de Risco Obstétrico que cursa como uma ferramenta de apoio à tomada de decisão clínica que tem como intuito a identificação da paciente crítica ou mais grave, permitindo um atendimento de maneira rápida e segura de acordo com o potencial de risco, com base nas evidências científicas existentes. Objetivo: Realizar uma reflexão teórica acerca dos avanços e limitações relacionados aoplanejamento e avaliação dos serviços deAcolhimento com Classificação de RiscoObstétrico.Metodologia:Trata-se de um estudo de caráter descritivo, em formato de artigo de reflexão, em que foram definidas duas dimensões categóricas que retratam o contexto do planejamento e avaliação dos serviços de Acolhimento com Classificação de RiscoObstétrico.Resultados:Percebemos que ainda é possível identificar muitas arestas no planejamento e na qualidade da prestação deste tipo de serviço, principalmente no que diz respeito à garantia da integralidade e do cuidado de acordo com as necessidades da mulher.Conclusões:Para que uma articulação entre os diferentes atores seja alcançada são necessárias estratégias de planejamento que tornem viável buscar a qualidade assistencial e que deem condições de avaliar essa assistência prestada (AU).

Considering the cycle of Public Policies, planning and evaluation are crucial elements, favoring organization and judgment of valuesregarding an intervention or any of its components, involving both those who use the services and those who produce them. With a view toimproving the care provided to women and newborns at the entranceto maternal and child care services, the Reception with Obstetric Risk Classification iscarried out as a tool to support clinical decision-making which aims to identify critical or more severe patients, allowing a quick and safe care according to the risk potential, based on existing scientific evidence.Objective:To carry out a theoretical reflection on the advances and limitations related to the planning and evaluation of Reception serviceswith Obstetric Risk Classification.Methodology:This is a descriptive study, in the form of a reflection article, in which two categorical dimensions were defined and that portray the context of planning and evaluation of Reception serviceswith Obstetric Risk Classification.Results:We realized that it is still possible to identify many edges in the planning and quality of the provision of this type of service, especially with regard to ensuring comprehensiveness and care according to the needs of women.Conclusions:In order to achieved thearticulation between the different actors, it is necessary to plan strategies that make it feasible to seek care quality and that provide conditions for evaluating this assistance provided (AU).

Considerando el ciclo de las Políticas Públicas, la planificación y la evaluación son elementos cruciales, favoreciendo la organización y el juicio de valor sobre una intervención o cualquiera de sus componentes, involucrando tanto a quienes utilizan los servicios como a quienes los producen. Con el objetivode mejorar la asistenciabrindadaa lasmujeresy recién nacidosen elingresoa los servicios de atención materno-infantil, se realiza laAcogidacon Clasificación de Riesgo Obstétrico como una herramienta de apoyo a la toma de decisiones clínicas que tiene como objetivo identificar las pacientes más graves, permitiendo una atención rápida y segura de acuerdo al potencial de riesgo, segúnla evidencia científica existente.Objetivo: Realizar una reflexión teórica sobre los avances y limitaciones relacionados con la planificación y evaluación de los servicios de Acogida con Clasificación de Riesgo Obstétrico.Metodología:Se trata de un estudio descriptivo, en forma de artículo de reflexión, en el que se definieron dos dimensiones categóricas que retratan el contexto de planificación y evaluación de los servicios de Acogida con Clasificación de Riesgo Obstétrico. Resultados: Percibimos que aún es posible identificar muchas asperezasen la planificación y calidad de la prestación de este tipo de servicio, especialmente en lo que se respectaa garantizar la integralidad y la atención acorde a las necesidades de las mujeres. Conclusiones: Para que se logre una articulación entre los diferentes actores, son necesarias estrategias de planificación que viabilicen la búsqueda de la calidad de la atención y que proporcionen condiciones para evaluar esta asistencia brindada (AU).

Measure of Processes of Care (MPOC-56 and 20): Turkish adaptation, reliability, and validity study.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to investigate the validity and reliability of the Turkish versions of the Measure of Processes of Care, MPOC-56 and MPOC-20, in children with disability aged 5-17 years. METHODS: A total of 290 parents of children with disability due to various disorders were evaluated with the MPOC-56 and MPOC-20. Internal consistency was determined with Cronbach`s alpha, and test-retest reliability with the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Confirmatory factor analysis was performed to investigate the factor structure of the Turkish MPOC-56 and -20. RESULTS: Cronbach`s alpha values for the MPOC-56 and MPOC-20 ranged between 0.84-0.97 and 0.87-0.92, respectively. Test-retest ICC values were 0.96-0.99 for MPOC-56 and 0.94-0.98 for MPOC-20. The correlations of the subscale scores of MPOC- 56 and MPOC-20 were shown to be at very good to excellent levels for reliability. Factor structure for MPOC-20 and MPOC-56 were found to be acceptable. CONCLUSIONS: This study has shown that the Turkish versions of MPOC-56 and MPOC-20 are valid, reliable, and applicable for the evaluation of parents` experiences of processes of care for children with disability aged 5-17 years.

Cuestiones bioéticas involucradas en los Cuidados Paliativos: desde la perspectiva de los profesionales de la salud / Bioethical issues involved in Palliative Care: from the perspective of health professionals

Las cuestiones inherentes al final de la vida constituyen un inmenso desafío para los médicos, debido a la falta de educación formal en lo inherente a cuidados paliativos, y a que se entrelazan conceptos médicos, religiosos, legales y bioéticos en su abordaje. El objetivo de este estudio es identificar, desde la perspectiva de los profesionales de la salud, las cuestiones éticas involucradas en el proceso de atención de pacientes incluidos en cuidados paliativos. Para ello se llevó a cabo de una revisión de 10 artículos, en los cuales se observa la carencia de formación bioética y la aplicación inadecuada (o falta) en lo inherente a manejo adecuado de la información y la dificultad en su comunicación, toma de decisiones compartidas, respeto de la autonomía del paciente, verdad médica, limitación de esfuerzos terapéuticos (AU)

End-of-life issues constitute an immense challenge for physicians, due to the lack of formal education regarding palliative care, and the intertwining of medical, religious, legal, and bioethical concepts in their approach. The objective of this study is to identify, from the perspective of health professionals, the ethical issues involved in the care process for patients included in palliative care. For this, a review of 10 articles was carried out, in which the lack of bioethical training and the inadequate application (or lack) is observed in terms of the proper management of information and the difficulty in its communication, decision making shared, respect for patient autonomy, medical truth, limitation of therapeutic efforts (AU)

A deep memory bare-bones particle swarm optimization algorithm for single-objective optimization problems.

A deep memory bare-bones particle swarm optimization algorithm (DMBBPSO) for single-objective optimization problems is proposed in this paper. The DMBBPSO is able to perform high-precision local search while maintaining a large global search, thus providing a reliable solution to high-dimensional complex optimization problems. Normally, maintaining high accuracy while conducting global searches is an important challenge for single-objective optimizers. Traditional particle swarms optimizers can rapidly lose the diversity during iterations and are unable to perform global searches efficiently, and thus are more likely to be trapped by local optima. To address this problem, the DMBBPSO combines multiple memory storage mechanism (MMSM) and a layer-by-layer activation strategy (LAS). The MMSM catalyzes a set of deep memories to increase the diversity of the particle swarm. For every single particle, both of the personal best position and deep memories will be used in the evaluation process. The LAS enables the particle swarm to avoid premature convergence while enhancing local search capabilities. The collaboration between MMSM and LAS enhances the diversity of the particle swarm, which in turn enhances the robustness of the DMBBPSO. To investigate the optimization ability of the DMBBPSO for single-objective optimization problems, The CEC2017 benchmark functions are used in experiments. Five state-of-the-art evolutionary algorithms are used in the control group. Finally, experimental results demonstrate that the DMBBPSO can provide high precision results for single-objective optimization problems.

Relationships Between EHR-Based Audit Log Data and Physician Burnout and Clinical Practice Process Measures.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the relationship of electronic health record (EHR)-based audit log data with physician burnout and clinical practice process measures. METHODS: From September 4 to October 7, 2019, we surveyed physicians in a larger academic medical department and matched responses to August 1 through October 31, 2019, EHR-based audit log data. Multivariable regression analysis evaluated the relationship between log data and burnout and the interrelationship between log data and turnaround time for In Basket messages and percentage of encounters closed within 24 hours. RESULTS: Of the 537 physicians surveyed, 413 (77%) responded. On multivariable analysis, number of In Basket messages received per day (each additional message: odds ratio, 1.04 [95% CI, 1.02 to 1.07]; P<.001) and time spent in the EHR outside scheduled patient care (each additional hour: odds ratio, 1.01 [95% CI, 1.00 to 1.02]; P=.04) were associated with burnout. Time spent doing In Basket work (each additional minute: parameter estimate, -0.11 [95% CI, -0.19 to -0.03]; P=.01) and in the EHR outside scheduled patient care (each additional hour: parameter estimate, 0.04 [95% CI, 0.01 to 0.06]; P=.002) were associated with turnaround time (days per message) for In Basket messages. None of the variables explored were independently associated with percentage of encounters closed within 24 hours. CONCLUSION: Electronic health record-based audit log data of workload relate to odds of burnout and responsiveness to patient-related inquiries and results. Further study is needed to determine whether interventions that reduce the number of and time spent doing In Basket messages or time spent in the EHR outside scheduled patient care reduce physician burnout and improve clinical practice process measures.

Design and Implementation of a Chain-Type Direct Push Drilling Rig for Contaminated Sites.

For sites where volatile organic compounds are present, the direct push method, in combination with other sensors for investigation, is a powerful method. The investigation process is an integrated drilling and sensing process, but the trajectory of the probe carrying the sensor is ambiguous. This paper explores and introduces the application of a chain-type direct push drilling rig by designing and building a chain-type direct push miniature drilling rig. This rig allows for indoor experimental studies of direct push trajectories. The chain-type direct push drilling model is proposed based on the mechanism of chain transmission. The drilling rig provides a steady direct thrust through the chain, which is driven by a hydraulic motor. In addition, the drilling tests and results described prove that the chain could be applied to direct push drilling. The chain-type direct push drilling rig can drill to a depth of 1940 mm in single-pass and up to 20,000 mm in multiple passes. The test results also indicate that it drills a total length of 462.461 mm and stops after 87.545 s of operation. The machine can provide a drilling angle of 0-90° and keep the borehole angle fluctuating within 0.6° with the characteristics of strong adjustability, flexibility, continuity, stability, and low disturbance, which is of great value and significance for studying the drilling trajectory of direct push tools and obtaining more accurate investigation data.